MongoDB Interview Questions

Capped collections are fixed-size collections that restrict updates to the documents if the update results in increased document size and it ensures that the document size does not increase the size allocated on the disk.

A replica set is a group of MongoDB instances that host the same data set. The primary is the only member in the replica set that receives write operations. Whereas Secondary members replicate this log and apply the operations to their data sets.

In MongoDb, Splitting is a process that keeps chunks from growing too large with the help of split command(). MongoDB splits the chunk, when a chunk grows beyond a specified chunk size, on the basis of shard key values the chunk represents.

MongoDB is a cross-platform document-oriented database program that is open source and free in nature. It can also be classified as the NoSQL database program. It was developed by MongoDB Inc. JSON-like documents with schema are used by MongoDB. Field, range queries, and regular expressions are also supported by MongoDB. The queries used by this contain user-defined JavaScript functions. It provides high availability with the replica sets. Fields can be indexed with primary and secondary indices. Sharding is used by MongoDB for scaling horizontally which determines how the data will be distributed. It can also be used as a file system with load balancing. It can also be used for batch processing of data.

MongoDB is an open-source NoSQL database management program that supports various forms of data. MongoDB is basically used as a tool that can manage document-oriented information, store or retrieve information.

Some of the important features of MongoDB are as follows:

• Support ad hoc queries. 
• Indexing and Replication.
• Duplication of data. 
• Load balancing. 
• Supports map reduction and aggregation tools.
• Uses JavaScript instead of Procedures.
• It is a schema-less database written in C++.

A namespace is a canonical name for a collection or index in MongoDB. The namespace is basically a combination of the database name and the name of the collection or index, like so: [database-name]. [collection-or-index-name] .

BSON stands for Binary JSON which is a binary serialization of JSON-like documents that is used by MongoDB to store the documents in a BSON format. BSON implementation is used for supporting embedding objects and arrays within other objects.

MongoDB is an open-source NoSQL type DBMS or database management program that supports various forms of data.

MongoDB uses JSON format as the structure of the document. JSON documents support embedded fields, so related data and lists of data can be stored with the document instead of an external table.

In MongoDB, a Replica Set is used to carry out MongoDB replication, which is a process of creating a copy of the same data set in more than one MongoDB server. A replica set is basically a group of MongoDB instances that maintain the same data set and pertain to any MongoDB process.

In MongoDB, the database profiler collects detailed information about Database Commands executed against a running MongoDB instance. It writes all the data it collects to a system and captures and records data on the performance of write operations, cursors, and database commands on a running MongoDB instance.

The syntax for creating and droping a collection in MongoDB are as follows:

• Creating a Collection: collection_name. insert({key:value, key:value…})
• Droping a Collection: db.collection.drop( { writeConcern: } )

The maximum Document Size Limit in MongoDb is 16 megabytes or 16777216 bytes. The maximum document size helps ensure that a single document cannot use an excessive amount of RAM or, during transmission, an excessive amount of bandwidth.

In MongoDB, _id field is always the first field in the documents therefore each document stored in a collection requires a unique _id field that acts as a primary key.

An ObjectId in MongoDB is a 12-byte BSON type in which the first 4 bytes of the ObjectId represent the time in seconds then the next 3 bytes of the ObjectId represent the machine identifier then again the next 2 bytes are of process id and the last Field is 3 bytes used for increment the objectid.

MongoDB uses DATABASE_NAME is used to create a database. The syntax of use DATABASE statement is as follows: use DATABASE_NAME

In MongoDB, a collection is a grouping of documents such that documents within a collection can have different fields. A collection is the equivalent of a table in a relational database system and exists within a single database.

In MongoDB, insertOne() is a method that is used whenever you want to insert a single document into your collection. It is basically used to insert a single document or record into the database. Whereas The insertMany() method inserts one or more documents in the collection. It takes an array of documents to insert into the collection.

In MongoDB, Sharding is the process of distributing data across multiple hosts that is achieved by splitting large data sets into small data sets across multiple MongoDB instances. Basically, Sharding is used to store data across multiple machines.

In MongoDB, write concern describes the level of acknowledgment requested from MongoDB for write operations to a standalone MongoDB or to replica sets or to sharded clusters, such that in sharded clusters, mongoose instances will pass the write concern on to the shards.

MongoDB supports a feature known as upsert that mixes the functionality of an update with an insert. Upsert is an option that is used for update operation e.g. update(), findAndModify(), etc.

Mongoose is an Object Data Modeling or ODM library for MongoDB and Node. js. that manages relationships between data, provides schema validation and is used to translate between objects in code and the representation of those objects in MongoDB.

Some of the alternatives of MongoDB are:

• JAM Stack - Fast, secure, and dynamic websites served without web servers.
• PostgreSQL - SQL database is known for its reliability, features, and performance.
• DynamoDB - NoSQL database created by Amazon Web Services (AWS)

In computer 32-bit nuances refer to the following:

• There is extra memory-mapped file activity with journaling.
• This will further constrain the limited db size of 32 bit builds.
• Thus, for now, journaling by default is disabled on 32 bit systems.

In Mongoose the “_v” field is the versionKey is a property set on each document when first created by Mongoose. This is a document inserted through the mongo shell in a collection and this key-value contains the internal revision of the document.

In MongoDB, projection operators are used for selecting only the necessary data rather than selecting the whole of the data of a document. Some of the Projection Operators available in MongoDB are:

• $ - Projects the first element in an array that matches the query condition.
• $elemMatch - Projects the first element in an array that matches the specified $elemMatch condition. 
• $meta - Projects the available per-document metadata.
• $slice - Limits the number of elements projected from an array. 

In MongoDb, Bitwise Query Operators are used to match numeric or binary values in which any bit from a set of bit positions has a value of 0 and 1.

In MongoDB, the structure of an ObjectId is consists of a 12-byte BSON type. This 12-byte structure can be distinguished as the first 4 bytes of the ObjectId representing the time in seconds since the UNIX epoch. Then the next 3 bytes of the ObjectId represent the machine identifier which is then followed by the next 2 bytes of the ObjectId represent the process ID.

In MongoDB, Indexes are a special data structure that supports the efficient execution of queries. It is used to store a small portion of the collection's data set in an easy way in order to traverse it. Indexes improve the speed of search operations in the database because instead of searching the whole document, the search is performed on the indexes that hold only a few fields.

In MongoDB, a covered query is a query that can be satisfied entirely using an index and does not have to examine any documents. Covered queries help us in querying data faster by ensuring the index created contains all the fields required by the query and it doesn't require examining any documents apart from the indexed ones.

In MongoDb, the Aggregation operator is used to group the values from multiple documents together, such that it can perform a variety of operations on the grouped data to return a single result for example sum, average, minimum, maximum, etc are some of the operations performed on the grouped data to return a computed result. MongoDB provides three ways to perform aggregation: the aggregation pipeline, the map-reduce function, and single-purpose aggregation methods.

The oplog stands for operations log which is a special capped collection that keeps a rolling record of all operations that modify the data stored in your databases. Oplog is a log of every internal operation used for replication in a MongoDB cluster.

In MongoDB, replication is the process of creating a copy of the same data set in more than one MongoDB server that can be achieved by using a Replica Set. Where a replica set is a group of mongodb processes that maintain the same data set.

In MongoDB, the storage engine is the component of the database that is responsible for managing how data is stored, both in memory and on disk. It is based on memory-mapped files and manages BSON data in memory and on disk to support read and write operations.

In MongoDb, GridFS is a specification for storing and retrieving files that exceed the BSON-document size limit of 16 MB. It is used to store and retrieve large files such as images, audio files, video files, etc.

The important features of MongoDB are listed below: –

1. Aggregation framework– it uses aggregation framework for the batch processing of data and aggregation operations. It should be used in an effective manner.
2. The usage of BSON format in MongoDB– it uses the binary-encoded serialization of JSON-like documents. The data-types like- date and binary are supported in the format.
3. The sharing feature of MongoDB– using this feature, MongoDB supports the distribution of data across multiple machines. It supports deployment with large sets of data.
4. The Ad hoc queries in MongoDB– it supports field, range queries, and regular expressions.
5. Collections– MongoDB supports fixed size collection which can also be termed as capped collections.

Here goes a list of the languages which can be used with MongoDB: –

• C
• C++
• C#
• Java
• Node.js
• Perl
• PHP
• Python
• Ruby
• Scala
• Go
• Erlang.

Currently, MongoDB provides driver support for the languages listed above. It can be used easily with any of these languages.

In MongoDB, a namespace is a combination of the database name and collection or index name. It is a canonical name for an index or a collection in MongoDB. A namespace consists of all the documents in MongoDB. The maximum length of a collection of namespaces is called the namespace length. It consists of the database name, a dot operator (.), and the name of the collection.

Syntax- <database>.<collection>

The namespace contains all the helper classes which can be used to construct various options which are to be used in the drivers. A namespace can also be termed as the concatenation of the collection name and the database name.

• Your schema should be designed according to your requirements.
• If the objects are to be used together, you should combine them into one document. Otherwise, you should use them separately.
• Joins should be performed while writing and not while reading.
• If use cases are used more frequently, then you should optimize your schema.
• Complex aggregation should be done in the schema.

The creation of the collection is the basic step in MongoDB. Here is the syntax for creating a collection in MongoDB-

 Db.createCollection (name, options)

Dropping a collection basically means deleting a collection. Following is the syntax for dropping a collection in MongoDB-

Db.collection.drop()

• Key value store NoSQL database
• Document store NoSQL database
• Column store NoSQL database
• Graph-based NoSQL database

The various examples of NoSQL database are- MongoDB, Cassandra, CouchDB, Hypertable, Redis, Riak, Neo4j, HBase, Couchbase, MemcacheDB, Voldemort, RevenDB, etc.

• In terms of data representation– in MySQL, we represent data in the form of tables and rows. Whereas, in MongoDB data is represented as collections of JSON documents.
• Querying– in SQL, we put together a string in the query language which is then parsed by the database system. Whereas, in MongoDB, object querying is used.
• Relationships– in MySQL, the relational database is only the Join operation which allows us to perform queries across multiple tables. Whereas MongoDB does not support join operation but can support multi-dimensional data types such as arrays, etc. in this, embedding is a process in which we place one document inside the other.
• Transactions– MySQL supports atomic transactions which are the ability to contain multiple operations within a transaction. Whereas, MongoDB does not support transactions.
• Schema definition– in MySQL, you need to define your tables and columns before storing anything. Whereas, in MongoDB, you don’t need to define a schema.

When the mongoose is created at the first time the version key is a property set on every document. The value of this key comprises of the internal revision of the document. It is understood that the name of this document is configurable. The default key is __v