NoSQL Interview Questions & Answers (2025)

NoSQL is a concept when the data is not connected with the relational database. It is an advanced method of database where there are no tables used to manipulate data. NoSQL is designed to support high performance, big table and graph databases.

The database management systems which are highly scalable and flexible are known as NoSQL databases. These databases allow us to store and process unstructured and semi-structured data which is not possible when we make use of Relational database management system. NoSQL can be termed as a solution to all the conventional databases which were not able to handle the data seamlessly. It also gives an opportunity to the companies to store massive amount of structured and unstructured data in real time. In today’s time, big firms such as- Google, Facebook, Amazon, etc. use NoSQL for providing cloud-based services for storing data in real time.

Some of the features of NoSQL are listed below: –

• Using NoSQL, we can store the large amount of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data.
• It supports agile sprint, quick iteration, and frequent code pushes.
• It uses object-oriented programming which is frequent and is also easy to use.
• It is more efficient. It has a scale-out architecture. It is cheap instead of being expensive. It has a monolithic architecture. It can be easily accessed.

Advantages of NoSQL

• Using the new node concepts, the database of NoSQL can be expanded to the set limit. Low commodity hardware takes this point as an added advantage.
• NoSQL databases are used to store a massive volume of information. Big data and recently posted user reviews utilize the concept of NoSQL.
• There is no expensive administration required to monitor the database of NoSQL.
• NoSQL can be installed with cheap economy instead of spending money on complicated systems.

Disadvantages of NoSQL

• Since NoSQL is a new technology of database storage, there are many other systems in the market which are already leading in the market.
• The previously built systems have the support available round the clock, but the NoSQL support system is less comparatively.
• Since NoSQL is a new technology, it is not supporting the old commands that are used in the system.

The node which manages the data in the NoSQL database store is the replication node. It is also the main consumer of the memory. The java heap and the cache size which are used by the replication node are the important factors in terms of performance. By default, these two things are calculated by NoSQL in terms of the amount of memory available to the storage node. Specification of the available memory for a storage node is recommended. The memory will be evenly divided between all the RN’s if the storage node hosts more than one replication node.

The NoSQL database management system is a distributed key-value database. It is designed so that it can provide highly reliable and scalable data. It can make the data storage available across all the configurable set of systems which functions as storage nodes. In this database system, data is stored as key-value pairs. This data is written to a particular storage node. These databases provide a mechanism for the storage and retrieval of data which is composed in a way other than the tabular method which was used in the relational databases.

Following are the pros and cons of a graph database which is a type of NoSQL databases: –

Pros of using graph database:

• These are tailor-made for the networking applications. A social network is a good example of this.
• They can also be perfect for an object-oriented programming system.

Cons of using graph database:

• Since the degree of interconnection between nodes is high in graph database, so it is not suitable for network partitioning.
• Also, graph databases don’t scale out well in NoSQL databases.

The variety of NoSQL data stores available which are widely distributed are categorized into four categories. They are: –

1. Key value store- it is a simple data storage key system which uses keys to access different values.
2. Column family store- it is a sparse matrix system. It uses columns and rows as keys.
3. Graph store- it is used in case of relationships-intensive problems.
4. Document stores- it is used for storing hierarchical data structures directly in the database.

The CAP theorem was proposed by Eric Brewer in early 2000. In this, three system attributes have been discussed within the distributed databases. That is-

• Consistency- in this, all the nodes see the same data at the same time.
• Availability- it gives us a guarantee that there will be a response for every request made to the system about whether it was successful or not.
• Partition tolerance- it is the quality of the NoSQL database management system which states that the system will work even if a part of the system has failed or is not working.

A distributed database system might provide only 2 of the 3 above qualities.

Eventual consistency in NoSQL means that when all the service logic has been executed, the system is left in a consistent state. For achieving high availability, this concept is used in distributed systems. It gives a guarantee that, if new updates are not made to a given data item, then eventually all accesses to that item will return the last updated value. In NoSQL, it is provided in terms of BASE and RDMS are also known as ACID properties. Present NoSQL databases provide client applications with the guarantee of eventual consistency. Some NoSQL databases like- MongoDB and Cassandra are eventually consistent in some of the configurations.

While storing data, it is advisable to choose multiple data storage systems so that the system allows us to store various data in our future. This is a safer type of data storage system because we do not want to risk on single data storage system. This type of storage is called as polyglot persistence in NoSQL.

The term Polyglot Persistence was coined by Neal Ford in 2006 to express the idea that applications should be written in mixed languages. As we all know that different problems arise in all the applications. So, when an application is written using different languages, then those languages can be used to solve or tackle with different kind of problems. This is known as polyglot persistence. Picking the right language for a particular problem can be more productive rather than trying to fit all the aspects of that problem into a single language. Hence, polyglot persistence is the term which is used to define this hybrid approach to persistence.

Following is a list of the differences between NoSQL and RDBMS: –

• In terms of data format, NoSQL does not follow any order for its data format. Whereas, RDBMS is more organized and structured when it comes to the format of its data.
• When it comes to scalability, NoSQL is more very good and more scalable. Whereas, RDBMS is average and less scalable than NoSQL.
• For querying of data, NoSQL is limited in terms of querying because there is no join clause present in NoSQL. Whereas, querying can be used in RDBMS as it uses the structured query language.
• The difference in the storage mechanism of NoSQL and RDBMS is that, NoSQL uses key value pair, documents, column storage, etc. for storage. Whereas, RDBMS uses various tables for storing data and relationships.

Differences between SQL and NoSQL databases

Sharding in NOSQL is the process of storing data records across multiple machines.It is a partitioning pattern in which each shard is held on a separate database server instance, to spread load and provide fast data access.